The Duality of Time Theory

The concept of force was used in ancient philosophy, although famous thinkers, such as Aristotle and Archimedes, often understood it in fundamentally different way than it is now used in modern physics. The concepts of force and motion are corrected by the works of Galileo and Newton. When Einstein developed his theory of Relativity, the gravitational force became equivalent to dynamic space-time geometry, while in Quantum Mechanics fundamental forces are particles called gauge bosons, as we shall discuss this further in chapter III when we review the history of modern physics.

In addition to the four fundamental forces: strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational, there are many other non-fundamental forces, including: the normal force, due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact, friction, tension, elastic force, fictitious force, torque, and centripetal force.