1.3.3 The Speed of Light
The famous Michelson-Morley experiment in 1887 proved that light travels with the same speed regardless whether it was moving in the direction of the movement of the Earth or perpendicular to it. This unexpected null result led to the first principle of Special Relativity, that the speed of light in vacuum is the maximum speed which anything in the Universe can attain, regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial reference frame of the observer.
However, even though it was confirmed by many experiments, there is yet no theoretical or philosophical account that could explain this constancy and invariance of the speed of light, but it is considered an axiom that has been experimentally verified, but not yet proven in any fundamental academic sense.
According to the Duality of Time, the speed of light is a property of the dynamic space-time geometry whose individual discrete points are perpetually fluctuating between the two metaphysical states of void and vacuum, corresponding to zero and the speed of light, respectively. All other states, that produce the apparent physical properties of matter result from the spatial and temporal superposition of these two primordial states. So the speed of light is the speed of creation that is the only real speed in nature from which all the other physical properties, such as velocity, acceleration, energy and even the dimensions of space, are only observable on the outward imaginary level of time, and based on this genuinely complex nature of time they can be easily calculated form the basic principles of Classical Mechanics.
The second principle of Special Relativity, which says that the laws of physics are invariant between inertial frames, and the equivalence principle that lead to General Relativity, are not needed anymore. These two principles, which are necessary to derive Lorentz factor and Einstein’s field equations, will follow directly from the complex-time geometry, in addition exact mathematical derivation of the mass-energy equivalence relation (
), which has no exact derivation under the current theory of relativity, whereas all current derivations of this critical relation suffer from unjustified assumptions or approximations as was repeatedly acknowledged by Einstein himself.


