3.9.14 Color Confinement
Color or Quark confinement is also related to Yang-Mills problem, which is the fact that free quarks or gluons have never been detected, but only objects that are built out of them, such as mesons and baryons. It has been well established that the quantum Yang–Mills theory for a non-abelian Lie group exhibits a property known as confinement, which is why gluons have mass and cannot exist freely. In the absence of confinement, we would expect to see massless gluons, but since they are confined, all we would see are color-neutral bound states of gluons, called glueballs. If glueballs exist, they are massive, which is why a mass gap is expected.
As we noted in section 9.13, the solution to this problem is in the duality nature of time which stems from the Single Monad Model. In the resulting dynamic creation of space, the geometrical points which are the individual temporary monads, can not exist together, so they are coupled in order to make the physical objects or particles. Since the coupling occurs at least between two points, there is a minimum mass or energy which correspond to the minimum spatial dimension in which these particles are confined to it. In other words, the quarks and gluons exist in one or two dimensions of space where they move freely in their world without mass, but because we observe them from the third dimension we see them massive and always combined into other particles.
In fact, this multi-dimensional existence explains not only the mass-gap and color confinement, but also how mass and even other coupling parameter are generated in the first place, and why for example mass is only positive whereas other parameters are negative and positive and have various colors.