II.2.4 Baryon Asymmetry
The baryon number represents the difference between quarks
and anti-quarks, and it is a strictly conserved additive quantum number of a
system. Baryons consist of three quarks have have a baryon number of , while
mesons consist of one quark and one anti-quark have a baryon number of .
Anti-baryons have a baryon number of .
Particles without any quarks have a baryon number of zero. Quarks carry not
only electric charge, but also charges such as color charge and weak isospin.
Because of the color confinement, a hadron cannot have a net color charge, so
the total color charge of a particle has to be zero, or white, while a quark
can have one of three colors, dubbed red, green, and blue.
The baryon number is always conserved, so in any
interaction between elementary particles, the sum of the baryon number of all
incoming particles is the same as the sum of the baryon numbers of all
particles resulting from the reaction. However, the hypothetical concepts of
grand unification models and super symmetry allow for the changing of a baryon
into leptons and anti-quarks, thus violating the conservation of both baryon
and lepton numbers. Proton decay would be an example of such a process taking
place, but has never been observed.
The missing baryon problem is the fact that the observed
amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. The density of
baryons can be constrained according to big bang nucleo-synthesis and the
cosmic microwave background. The best current data, observed by the Planck
spacecraft in 2015, yielded a density about 4.85% of the critical density.
However, directly adding up all the known baryonic matter produces a baryonic
density slightly less than half of this. The missing baryon problem is distinct
from the dark matter problem, which is mainly non-baryonic in nature. There is
also much more dark matter in the universe than there are missing baryons.
It is generally assumed that when the Universe was young
and very hot it was in statistical equilibrium and contained equal numbers of
baryons and anti-baryons. However, observations suggest that the Universe,
including its most distant parts, is made almost entirely of matter. What
caused this unbalance and where are the missing baryons, or why the Universe
has much more matter than antimatter?
As we shall discuss further in Chapter II, when we discuss
Super Symmetry, the Duality of Time suggests that the incorporeal worlds have
atomic structures similar to the physical world, but it is termed incorporeal
because it evolves in different time direction. This incorporeal matter is the
missing antimatter and the are perpetually annihilating and splitting every
instance of time in the inner metaphysical flow.
The science of Time is a noble science, that reveals the secret of Eternity. Only the Elites of Sages may ever come to know this secret. It is called the First Age, or the Age of ages, from which time is emerging.
