i.1 Symmetry Between Modern Science and Ancient Knowledge

Because it is described by order or harmony , the word Cosmos was used by Pythagoras to refer to the World or Universe, in contrast with Chaos , which means void or gap . For the same reason, the word cosmetic is also used to describe the art of beautifying, or adornment and arrangement of appearance or complexion. All this is based on the various creation myths that can be found in Greek, Babylonian, Sumerian and other ancient civilizations, as well as some contemporary religious texts, which state that creation started when the earth and sky are separated from their primordial unity, leaving an empty gap between them, called Chaos, from which the Cosmos was developed.

Scientists do not, usually, take these primitive creation myths seriously, especially that they mostly end up explaining all the complexity of nature in terms of the four classical elements: Earth, Water, Air and Fire, as well as Aether which was completely ruled out after the advent of the Theory of Relativity, followed by Quantum Mechanics with its astounding success in explaining the structure of atoms. Modern science is proud of classifying over a hundred different elements, and explaining their various electrical and chemical properties in terms of the number of electrons orbiting around the nucleus which contains a matching number of protons and some other neutrons. Furthermore, after analyzing these elements, scientists found that they are composed of more fundamental particles, which were arranged in the end, according to the Standard Model, into about twenty-eight elementary particles, that cannot be broken down to smaller elements, according to our best theoretical understanding and outstanding experimental capabilities.

However, in order to achieve this admirable comprehensive description of atomic and subatomic structures, physicists and mathematicians profited greatly from the indispensable concept of symmetry , which had to be broken in order to produce the observable matter. After confirming the existence of Higgs boson, physicists at CERN, and other high-energy labs, are still relentlessly searching for the super-symmetry needed to unify the four fundamental interactions, and possibly explain the problem of the evident asymmetry between matter and antimatter, that cannot be explained based on the current Standard Model. However, although super-symmetry is a quite attractive solution to many outstanding problems, none of the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) found any new particles other than the Higgs boson, which was already considered as part of the Standard Model, and therefore no experimental evidence was ever found in support of the beautiful theory of super-symmetry.

Nonetheless, as we shall see in this book, the concept of symmetry breaking in general, and super-symmetry in particular, is nothing but the same ancient concept of the splitting of Heavens and Earth, because this is actually the splitting of spatial dimensions into two arrows of time as we described above. Accordingly, a thoughtful consideration reveals that the four classical elements, proposed by the Sumerians more than four millenniums before the discovery of telescopes and microscopes, are closely corresponding to the four quantum fields which produce the four fundamental interactions, while the seven skies and earths correspond to the various quantum energy levels between vacuum and void. In fact, even in ancient philosophies these imaginative concepts denote abstract substances rather than any familiar objects such as material earth or water.

In the recent decades, however, after all the substantial developments in experimental and computational capabilities, without any significant progress in fundamental theories, it is becoming more appreciable to reconsider the ancient myths and reinterpret them according to the new findings, that have exposed further resilient discrepancies between the two leading theories of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. For example, the concept of aether is being revisited after it was proved in Quantum Field theories that vacuum cannot be empty, and physicists are now considering the existence of quintessence to explain Dark Energy and reconcile it with Einstein s biggest blunder of the Cosmological Constant. Also in correspondence with ancient myths, some novel cosmological models suggest that vacuum could be a kind of yet-unknown super-fluid, which would explain all the four fundamental interactions and provide mass generation mechanism that replaces or alters the Higgs mechanism that only partially solves the problem of mass, whereas its own huge mass is not explained in the Standard Model.

Therefore, when interpreted correctly, based on the Duality of Time Theory, as it has been established in Chapter VII of Volume II, the four classical elements are the four extreme states of complex-time: super-mass , super-fluid , super-gas , and super-energy , and the Single Monad is their quint-essence . So the states of  and  denote Earth and Fire (or Sky), respectively, while  and  are the Water and Air from which matter and antimatter are developed.

The theological notions of cosmology and cosmogony were surprisingly accurate by insisting on the existence of seven skies, and also seven earths, because these are indeed the main discrete levels of vacuum and void, which in the end form the spatial and temporal dimensions; six directions for space and one direction for time, which then oscillate into the various generations of fermions and bosons. Therefore, it can be noted straightforwardly that the fermions in our arrow of time are bosons in the orthogonal time direction, and vice versa. This means that super-symmetry is already included in the Standard Mode as we shall explain further in Chapter II, and without the need to introduce any super-space that is based on non-commuting geometry.

However, this does not mean that the ancients acquired any detailed understanding of the microscopic and macroscopic structures of the Universe anywhere near what we have in the present era, because they did not have the required experimental and analytical tools. Nevertheless, although intelligent humans can surely attain high levels in understanding most natural phenomena, if they maintain their ceaseless endeavors, and endure the required enormous efforts, but they can never comprehend the realities behind nature, as far as they remain confined in this phenomenological dimension of the local world. In order to start realizing the reality, one needs to ascend beyond the confining dimensions (of space-time, for example) in order to understand how they operate, as it was nicely demonstrated by Plato in his Cave Allegory. We showed in Chapter I of Volume II that this requires activating the arcane talents of the heart, rather than simply relying on the mind.

Therefore, the primary metaphysical models and profound philosophical conceptions in most ancient civilizations are deeply ingrained in the various divine revelations and sagacious inspirations through the prophets and saints of their era. Philosophers, and other existing intellectuals, then analyzed the subsequent inscriptions or oral narrations containing this original knowledge and divine wisdom, and taught that to their students. As we have already showed in Chapter VII of Volume II, it seems that most of this divine knowledge is originated from Hermes Trismegistus who is the same prophet Enoch mentioned in the Biblical literature, and he is also mentioned in the Quran as prophet Idris whom Allah had him elevated to a high place [Quran, 19:56-57], which is the orb of the Sun, according to Ibn al-Arabi, who also mentioned several generations of Masters who inherited this esoteric knowledge from Hermes, but he only provided some of their general descriptions and how long they lived, without giving their actual names (see the Meccan Revelations, Volume I, page 157).

However, along this long and tedious course of teaching and learning, many fundamental concepts were greatly distorted and deviated from their original pristine form, due to the lack of proper methods of preservation and transformation; especially after translating the original texts to other languages and cultures, which may have prevailed after conquering the earlier civilizations. This happened, for example, in the fourth century BC, after Alexander III of Macedon conquered Babylonia and the Greek started translating their scientific records, which contained detailed observations with sophisticated mathematical and cosmological models, including the heliocentric model. This model was then initially adopted by Aristarchus of Samos, but it was later rejected in favor of Aristotle and Ptolemy whose geocentric model continued to the early modern age, until it was gradually superseded again by the heliocentric model attributed to Copernicus, who formulated it in the 16th century. However again, more than three centuries before that, some prominent Muslim astronomers had already developed the same model and successfully predicted planetary and lunar positions, and published their results in many books which were eventually translated into Latin, as the main scientific language of medieval Europe. As it often happens with every subsequent translation, some crucial meanings are completely lost or deformed, along with the truthful attribution to the original scholars who developed these conceptions and philosophies.

Another example is what we have already noted in Chapter I of Volume II; that Ibn al-Arabi clearly explained that the Aristotelean notion of fixed stars is not correct, because these stars are actually moving with relative velocities, and he roughly estimated the proper velocity of some visible stars as one arc degree per 100 years, or 0.6 arc-seconds per year, which is quite consistent with the measurements taken only few decades ago. Yet another relevant example is Parmenides doctrine of oneness, or his dual view of reality: the way of truth and the way of opinion , which is the same theory of the Oneness of Being embraced by Ibn al-Arabi and other Muslim mystics, and from this fundamental reality the Duality of Time Theory was developed. As we explained in the previous volumes, Parmenides failed to convince other prominent philosophers, such as Socrates and Aristotle, so his student Zeno tried again by reformulating his teacher s arguments in terms of what to become known as Zeno s paradoxes, in which he demonstrated the deficiency of both the discrete and continuous concepts of space and time. After all these long centuries, and despite the evident success of modern mathematics and physics, those paradoxes have never been refuted. No wonder, therefore, why quantum gravity is still concealed, because it cannot be achieved without explaining Zeno s Arrow paradox, away from using the current infinitesimal analysis that relies on unjustified assumptions (of the differentiability of space) and introduces misleading approximations, which can at best calculate the average velocity. This is exactly the fundamental reason behind the conflict between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, because the first relies on the average velocity that can be calculated from , while the instantaneous (quantum) velocity is always zero, whether the object is accelerating or not!

These are just some concrete examples, but the great loss happened as a result of generally discrediting all sacred texts and deeming them inconsistent or irrational when we could not interpret them appropriately. There is no doubt that this flawed negligence had a great detrimental effect, not only on physics and cosmology, but also on most other fields of science and philosophy. If a tiny portion of the enormous labor and capital that is regularly dedicated for developing scientific equipment, and theoretical investigation, is properly allocated for analyzing the original sacred texts and other principal conceptions in ancient philosophies, the Theory of Everything could have been achieved much faster. There have been some serious studies of ancient and religious texts, but they are normally conducted by scholars who have general interests in philosophy and do not have enough background and training in physics and mathematics, that enable them to extract possible innovative conceptions that may be relevant to the latest problems tackled by modern science.

Thanks to these texts, there is no doubt that we are now at the verge of a phenomenal paradigm shift. Probably because of the same fractal nature of time, it is particularly astounding that the very concept of symmetry, and chaos theory, is now joining together the two extremes of modern scientific theories and ancient mystical knowledge, where Quantum Mechanics meets with Alchemy, and the four classical elements are deeply connected with the four fundamental interactions of Quantum Field Theory. When modern science reached the dead end, the only way out is returning back to the original atomism of early philosophy, reinterpreted in terms of vacuum and void according to the Single Monad Model and Duality of Time Theory. Symmetry is actively governing not only the corporeal world, on various scales, but also in many intangible ways. Perhaps this is also one of the meanings of Ibn al-Arabi s assertion that time is not only cyclical, but also circular!