3.4.7 The Theoretical Speed of Light

It is quite obvious according to the Re-Creation Principle that there is a terminal cosmological velocity, since everything is brought into existence by the only one Single Monad, which is the Source of all individual monads. The speed of the Single Monad is a property of the complex time-time field that it creates through its continuous alternation, or the refresh rate of re-creation. This is what gives rise to Special and General Relativity, while also allowing instantaneous physical change, and not only transfer of information, because there is no real continuous motion in the common sense that the same object gradually leaves its place to occupy new places, but it is re-created in these new places which could be at the other end of the Universe right in the following instance, as it usually happens with the two entangled EPR particles, or in quantum tunneling.

The standard value of the speed of light in vacuum is now considered a universal physical constant, and its exact value is 299,792,458 meters per second. Since 1983, the length of the Meter has been defined from this constant as well as the international standard for time. However, this experimentally measured value corresponds to the speed of light in vacuum that is in fact not exactly empty. The true speed that should be considered as the upper Cosmological Speed is the speed of light in absolute “void’’ rather than “vacuum” , which still has some energy that may interact with the photons, but void is real “nothing” . Of course, even vacuum is very hard to achieve in labs, so void is really impossible.

The speed of light in the theoretical void is the absolute speed of the Single Monad that is necessarily in void, because it is the whole existence. This ultimate Cosmological Speed can be “calculated” on the bases of metaphysical space-time structure, which is the complex-time geometry of the Duality of Time Theory. In the three-dimensional space that is evolving in time, the Cosmological Speed should be an integer ratio that is exactly equal to “3” , and it has no units because both space and time originate from the same movements of the Single Monad that performs six basic movements to create the three dimensions of space, and then one movement to display it as a single frame. Because we naturally distinguish between space and time, this speed must be measured in terms of meters per second, and it should be therefore exactly equal to 300,000,000 meters per second. The difference between this theoretical value and the standard measured value is what accounts for the quantum vacuum in contrast to the absolute void that cannot be excited. Of course all this depends also on the actual definition of the meter, and also the second, which appears to be conventional, but in fact they are based on the same ancient Sumerian tradition, included in their sexagesimal system which is fundamentally related to the structure of space-time.

It can be anticipated based on the above conclusion that the speed of light is directly related to the number dimensions, so for other fundamental interactions, that are expected to be in lower dimensions, the value of the speed of light should be considered according to these dimensions, and this might correct the values of many important constants in the Standard Model.

Additionally, since the physical dimensions of the Universe are actually less than three, but more than two, the experimental value of the speed of light could be a real measure of these various dimensions. So for example the fractional dimensions of vacuum is simply 2.99792458, and fractional dimensions of water would be 2.25407863, and so on for all transparent materials according to their relative refraction index. Opaque materials could be also treated in the same manner according to their refraction index but for other light wave-lengths.

Dimensionality is a relative and dynamic property, so for the Single Monad, since its existence is always Real, in the inner dimensions, its wave-length is zero and its frequency and energy are infinite. Therefore, because everything is absolutely transparent with regard to the Single Monad, it appears as absolutely three-dimensional, whereas heavy particles and objects, such as the Earth, Sun and Stars, propagate in Aether which appears for them only two-dimensional super-fluid. The wave-lengths of particles are a reflection of how often they fluctuate between the inner and outer dimensions of time, also relative to the number of their individual monads or geometrical points and in what dimensions they extend, which eventually rules how they interact with other particles according to their own relative dimensions. These interactions are exhibited in various properties such as reflection, refraction, diffraction or interference, and polarization, which are all descriptions of how energy, or frequency, propagate in the various dimensions of the complex-time geometry.

For the same reasons of deceptive multiplicity that cause the illusion of motion, the human mind is accustomed to viewing physical objects enclosed in three spatial dimensions. Although we can feel one and two abstract dimensions, we always conceive all objects, including surfaces and lines, as three-dimensional, because an abstract two-dimensional surface has no thickness, and this does not exist in the physical world that we normally conceive, neither does the abstract one-dimensional line which has not no thickness or breadth. Actually, our feeling of dimensions is all deceptive, because they necessarily imply multiplicity which requires time iterations to be conceived in the mind.

Fractal dimensions are used in mathematics to describe and simulate natural objects and phenomena, and they are normally regarded as artificial tools used only in abstract mathematics. However, one simple way to view these fractal dimensions is to consider every small rotation, between x and y for example, as a fraction of the whole dimension (x, y) plane. So in reality fractals are as real as the whole integer dimensions, although both are some kind of intellectual reasoning to classify things in space and time.

Fractal dimensions are usually identified with patterns that repeat at various scales, so they measure their degree of roughness when things are not completely smooth, unlike whole dimensions which are smooth on all scales, because they are considered as real abstract frames that exist in absolute background. That is why fractals are also known as expanding or evolving symmetry, while normal dimensions are perfectly symmetrical.

Therefore, a real three-dimensional space is an abstract construct that is symmetrical in all directions, while actual physical objects, since they have various imperfect symmetrical features, are less than three-dimensional, but they are also more than two-dimensional, because they are not completely flat. Likewise, a flat painting, for example, is more than one-dimensional curves, but it is less than two-dimensional, because a two-dimensional plane is completely flat and symmetrical or isotropic, i.e. it has no distinguishing features.

Example of fractals include the Menger sponge, the Mandelbrot set, and Koch snowflakes. Because these patterns repeat at various scales, the length of their circumference is infinite. In fact, as we have seen above, this is also true for all kinds of shapes, even a simple square or circle, which are normally viewed in whole integer dimensions, because physical objects, no matter how they look outwardly smooth, are composed of discrete particles and even granular space geometry. So the whole concept of length or dimensions involves some approximation, which is usually performed through integration, or squaring, as we described above.

Although we do not realize it, but what we actually mean when we say that an object is three-dimensional is that it is enclosed in three dimensions, which actually means that its dimensions are less than three. Even a perfect symmetrical sphere is still less than three dimensional as far as it is finite, so it is in fractal dimensions.

In reality, therefore, although the physical spatial dimensions are altogether not real, they are best treated as fractals rather than whole integers, as there had been some attempts to formulate various models based on fractal cosmology, also supported by various experimental data from te distribution of nearby galaxies Baryshev and Teerikorpi (2002).

One of the main characteristics of fractals is that they have finite area but infinite perimeter. In a more general manner, the measure of any object with f dimensions is 0 in dimensions larger than f and infty in dimensions smaller than f. For example, the Koch Snowflake curve has dimension between one and two, so its measure in one-dimension is infinite, , which is its perimeter length, but its area, as a measure of two-dimensions is zero, but along the line and not as the filled two-dimensional shape.